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William Hamilton (diplomat)
Sir William Hamilton KB, PC, FRS (13 December 1730 – 6 April 1803) was a Scottish diplomat, antiquarian, archaeologist and vulcanologist. After a short period as a Member of Parliament, he served as British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples from 1764 to 1800. He studied the volcanoes Vesuvius and Etna, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society and recipient of the Copley Medal.
==Early life and career==
Hamilton was born on 13 December 1730 〔 (Encyclopædia Britannica )〕 (or 12 January 1731) 〔 Other sources give his birth as 12 January 1731, according to the baptismal register cited by the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 in either London or at Park Place, Berkshire, the fourth son of Lord Archibald Hamilton, governor of Jamaica and seventh son of the 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, and Lady Jane Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn.〔Constantine 2001: 1-2〕 His mother was a favourite, and possibly a mistress, of the Prince of Wales and William grew up with his son George III, who would call him his "foster brother".〔 At age nine, he went to Westminster School, where he made lifelong friends of Frederick Hervey and David Murray. Hamilton used to say that he was born with an ancient name and a thousand pounds; as a younger son he would have to make his own way in life.〔Fothergill 1969: 21〕 So, six weeks after his sixteenth birthday, he was commissioned into the 3rd Foot Guards as an ensign.〔Constantine 2001: 4〕 He spent some time with the regiment in the Netherlands, and advanced to lieutenant in 1753. In September 1757 he was present as aide-de-camp to General Henry Seymour Conway at the abortive attack on Rochefort.〔Constantine 2001: 7-9〕 The following year he left the Army, after having married Catherine Barlow, the daughter of Hugh Barlow, Member of Parliament for Pembroke Boroughs. The couple shared a love of music, and the marriage, which lasted until Catherine's death on 25 August 1782, was a happy one. There were no children. When Catherine's father died in 1763 she inherited his estates in Wales and these provided the Hamiltons with a steady income.〔Constantine 2001: 10-11〕
In 1761 Hamilton entered Parliament as Member for Midhurst. When he heard that the ambassador to the court of Naples, Sir James Gray, was likely to be promoted to Madrid, Hamilton expressed an interest in the position, and was duly appointed in 1764.〔Constantine 2001: 12〕
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